How To Get CPR Certification?

How To Get CPR Certification?

CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) certification is a qualification required in fields like healthcare, education, fitness, and childcare

CPR (Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation) certification is a qualification earned through training that teaches individuals how to perform essential life-saving techniques in emergencies, such as when someone’s heart or breathing stops. This certification is often required in various professional settings, particularly in fields like healthcare, education, fitness, and childcare, where the safety of others is a priority. For professionals such as teachers, fitness trainers, and childcare workers, maintaining an up-to-date CPR certification is crucial for meeting safety standards and ensuring they can respond to emergencies with confidence.

Beyond its importance in the workplace, CPR certification is also highly beneficial in personal settings. Having the skills and knowledge to perform CPR can make a vital difference in critical moments, whether you’re at home, in public, or with loved ones. Knowing how to respond swiftly and effectively in life-threatening situations gives peace of mind and could potentially save lives. Whether for professional advancement or personal preparedness, CPR certification is a vital skill that everyone should consider acquiring.

Different Types of CPR Certifications

There are several types of CPR certifications available, each tailored to specific situations and populations. Understanding the differences between these certifications helps individuals choose the appropriate training for their needs, whether personal or professional.

Adult CPR Certification

This type of certification focuses on teaching CPR techniques specific to adults and is typically recommended for the general public. It covers how to perform chest compressions, use of an Automated External Defibrillator (AED), and how to provide rescue breaths. Adult CPR certification is useful for those who may encounter cardiac emergencies involving adults, whether at home, work, or in public spaces.

Paediatric CPR Certification

Paediatric CPR training is designed to address the unique needs of infants and children during emergencies. The anatomy and response of a child or infant to CPR differ from that of an adult, so this certification focuses on the correct techniques for younger age groups. It’s especially beneficial for parents, caregivers, educators, and childcare professionals who work with children regularly.

Professional Rescuer CPR Certification


This advanced level of CPR certification is geared toward healthcare providers, first responders, and other professionals who may need to respond to a variety of emergencies. Professional Rescuer CPR includes more detailed and comprehensive training, such as two-person CPR techniques, handling airway obstructions, and using specialised medical equipment like bag valve masks. It’s typically required for medical professionals, paramedics, lifeguards, and other high-stakes emergency roles.

Different Types of CPR Certifications

Choosing the Right CPR Certification for Your Needs

Selecting the right CPR certification depends on your profession, personal needs, and the type of people you may need to assist in emergencies. Here’s a guide to help you choose the most suitable certification:

General Public

If you’re looking to be prepared for emergencies at home or in public, an Adult CPR Certification is a great starting point. This training will equip you with the knowledge to help someone over the age of 12 who suffers from a cardiac emergency. It’s ideal for individuals who want to be prepared for everyday situations or be a responsible family member, friend, or bystander.

Parents, Caregivers, and Childcare Professionals

If you care for infants or young children, such as being a parent, babysitter, or daycare worker, a Paediatric CPR Certification is essential. This certification covers techniques specific to infants (under 1 year old) and children (ages 1-12), ensuring you’re ready to assist in emergencies like choking, drowning, or cardiac arrest that are more common among younger age groups.

Teachers, Coaches, and Fitness Instructors

For individuals working in schools, sports, or fitness settings, Adult & Paediatric CPR Certification offers a comprehensive solution. Since you’re interacting with both adults and children, it’s important to be prepared for emergencies involving all age groups. This certification is also often required for employment in these fields, demonstrating a commitment to safety.

Healthcare Workers, Lifeguards, Coaches, and Other High-Risk Professions

For those working in healthcare, emergency services, or high-risk professions like lifeguarding, coaching, or industrial work, a Professional Rescuer CPR Certification is typically required. This certification provides advanced training that goes beyond basic CPR, covering two-person rescue techniques, handling airway obstructions, and using medical equipment such as bag valve masks. It’s ideal for individuals who may face complex emergencies and need to be ready for high-stakes situations. Whether you’re a paramedic, nurse, lifeguard, or coach, this certification ensures you’re prepared to respond effectively in critical, potentially life-threatening scenarios.

choose the appropriate training for your needs

Finding the Right CPR Training Course

When searching for the right CPR training course, it’s important to consider your schedule, learning preferences, and certification requirements. Here are some insights to help you locate suitable CPR training options, whether in-person or online:

  1. In-Person CPR Classes
    In-person courses offer hands-on training with live instruction, making them ideal for those seeking real-time feedback while practicing techniques like chest compressions and using an AED (Automated External Defibrillator). These courses are especially beneficial for individuals who need practical experience or are required to meet certification standards that mandate in-person evaluation.
  2. Online CPR Classes
    Online CPR training offers a flexible solution for individuals with busy schedules. Many programs provide fully online courses or hybrid options, covering the theoretical aspects of CPR through video demonstrations and quizzes. However, some certification pathways may also require an in-person skills assessment to ensure practical competency.
  3. Blended Learning Options
    Blended learning is an ideal solution for those seeking flexibility without sacrificing hands-on practice. This option combines online learning for the theory portion with an in-person component for practicing CPR skills. You can study at your own pace online, then attend a scheduled session for practical training, ensuring you receive a comprehensive learning experience.

The CPR Certification Process

The CPR Certification Process

The process of obtaining CPR certification is straightforward and typically involves several key steps to ensure that you have both the knowledge and practical skills needed to respond effectively in an emergency. Here’s an outline of the typical certification process:

1. Choosing the Right CPR Course

The first step is selecting a course that suits your needs. Whether you need Adult CPR, Child CPR, or a more advanced Professional Rescuer CPR, it’s important to choose the right type of training. At Life Saving First Aid, we offer a variety of CPR certification options to fit different personal or professional requirements, including in-person, online, and blended learning.

2. Attending CPR Class

Once you’ve selected the appropriate course, the next step is attending the instructional sessions. If you’ve chosen an in-person course, you will receive face-to-face guidance from certified instructors. Online or blended learning courses allow you to complete the theoretical portion at your own pace, covering topics such as the steps of CPR, recognising cardiac emergencies, and proper use of an AED (Automated External Defibrillator).

3. Practical Training

In-person or blended courses require hands-on practice, usually performed with CPR mannequins. This phase allows you to:

  • Practice chest compressions and rescue breaths
  • Learn the proper use of an AED
  • Respond to real-life scenarios such as choking or cardiac arrest

In blended learning, after completing the online theory, you will attend a practical skills session where an instructor assesses your ability to apply the techniques you’ve learned.

4. Skills Assessment

To obtain certification, you must pass a practical skills assessment. This assessment ensures that you are able to:

  • Perform high-quality chest compressions
  • Deliver rescue breaths correctly
  • Use an AED effectively in a timely manner

During this stage, the instructor will observe and evaluate your performance, providing corrections or guidance if needed. For those taking online-only courses, a follow-up in-person skills test may be required to complete certification.

5. Receiving Your Certification

Once you’ve successfully completed the course and practical assessment, you will receive your CPR certification. At Life Saving First Aid, we provide certification cards that are recognised by employers and meet industry standards. CPR certifications are valid for one year, after which a CPR Refresher is required to maintain your qualification.

Preparing for the CPR Certification Test

Preparing for the CPR Certification Test

Preparing for your CPR certification test involves both practical and theoretical knowledge. Whether you’re new to CPR or renewing your certification, these tips will help you feel confident and prepared for both components of the test.

1. Understand the CPR Steps Thoroughly

Theoretical knowledge forms the foundation of your CPR skills, so it’s important to fully understand the steps involved in performing CPR. These include:

  • Checking the scene for safety
  • Assessing the victim’s responsiveness and breathing
  • Performing chest compressions and rescue breaths
  • Using an AED (Automated External Defibrillator)

Familiarise yourself with the sequence and the purpose behind each step. Many courses provide materials like manuals or online modules—review these before your test.

2. Use Visual Aids and Online Resources

There are many online videos and tutorials that demonstrate proper CPR techniques. These resources can help reinforce what you learn in class. Watching others perform the steps properly can help you visualise what you need to do and give you confidence during your practical assessment.

3. Practice, Practice, Practice

The practical component of the CPR test is hands-on, so getting as much practice as possible is crucial. If you’re in an in-person or blended course, take advantage of the practice sessions with mannequins provided during the course. Focus on:

  • Chest compressions: Ensure you’re pressing hard and fast enough (about 5-6 cm deep at a rate of 100-120 compressions per minute).
  • Rescue breaths: Practice sealing your mouth over the mannequin’s and delivering breaths without over-inflating the chest.
  • Using an AED: Familiarise yourself with the device so that you’re comfortable following its prompts during an emergency.

Maintaining and Renewing Your CPR Certification

In Australia, the decision that CPR certificates expire (typically after 12 months) is largely based on recommendations from key health and safety organisations such as the Australian Resuscitation Council and Australian Skills Quality Authority (ASQA). Maintaining and renewing your CPR certification is essential to ensure you’re up to date with the latest techniques and ready to respond in emergencies. To stay certified in CPR the course needs to be renewed every year.

The recertification process usually involves enrolling in a blended learning course that combines online theory with an in-person practical session. At Life Saving First Aid, we Offer blended learning options, allowing you to complete the theoretical portion at your own pace and then attend an in-person session to practice and demonstrate your skills under the guidance of certified instructors.

For professionals in healthcare, education, or other high-risk fields, maintaining a valid CPR certification is often a legal or job-related requirement. Regular recertification ensures you’re aware of any updates to CPR guidelines and can continue to provide effective life-saving care.

Benefits of Being CPR Certified

Becoming CPR certified offers significant personal and professional benefits, equipping you with the skills to respond effectively in emergencies. The most crucial advantage is the ability to save lives; knowing how to perform CPR and use an AED can mean the difference between life and death in a cardiac emergency.

Additionally, CPR certification boosts your confidence, allowing you to act decisively under pressure, whether it’s for a family member, colleague, or stranger. For many professions—such as healthcare, teaching, and childcare—CPR certification is often a requirement, enhancing your resume and demonstrating a commitment to safety.

Moreover, CPR training increases your overall awareness of health and safety, making you a valuable asset in various environments. By being CPR certified, you also contribute to community safety, knowing you can provide immediate assistance in emergencies. These benefits make CPR certification a worthwhile investment, empowering you with life-saving skills and the confidence to act when it matters most.

Start Your Journey to Becoming CPR Certified

Ready to make a difference and be prepared for emergencies? Enrolling in a CPR course is a vital step in equipping yourself with the skills to save lives. Whether for personal development or professional requirements, CPR certification empowers you with the confidence and knowledge to respond effectively in critical situations.

At Life Saving First Aid, we offer blended learning options that combine convenient online theory with hands-on practical training, ensuring you gain the necessary skills and confidence to act in emergencies. Don’t wait until it’s too late—take the proactive step to protect yourself and those around you.

Join us at Life Saving First Aid and become a certified lifesaver today! Visit our website to learn more and sign up for a course that fits your schedule.

Your journey to making a positive impact

starts now!!!

CPR for Pregnant women

CPR for pregnant women

CPR for Pregnant Women

Contrary to popular belief, CPR for pregnant women is crucial for increasing the chances of survival for both the mother and the fetus. Many people hesitate when confronted with someone who is pregnant and has suffered a cardiac arrest.              

The reality is CPR for a pregnant casualty is basically the same as for anyone else.  There is, however, one exception. It’s called Manual Left Uterine Displacement. We will discuss this in detail later but essentially it means shifting a rounded abdomen to the pregnant patient’s left side.

When is CPR needed for pregnant women?

Cardiac Arrest in pregnancy is rare however when it occurs providing CPR and Defibrillation as quickly as possible is important for the survival of both the mother and the fetus.

According to the ARC Guidelines, the most common causes of Cardiac Arrest during pregnancy are:

  • Cardiac disease
  • Pulmonary thrombo-embolism – a blood clot blocks an artery in the lungs
  • Haemorrhage – bleeding
  • Sepsis – our body’s extreme reaction to an infection
  • Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy – high blood pressure
  • Poisoning and self-harm
  • Amniotic fluid embolism – when amniotic fluid enters the maternal bloodstream
  • Pregnant women can also have the same causes of cardiac arrest as females of the same age group (e.g. anaphylaxis, drug overdose, trauma).

Initial assessment and safety precautions

DRS ABCD action plan

As with any First Aid intervention, we would use our initial action plan – DRSABCD.

  • Danger –  Make sure the area is safe for you and the casualty
  • Response – Attempt to get a response from your casualty
  • Send for help – No response call 000
  • Airways – Check their airways
  • Breathing – See if they are breathing
  • CPR  – Commence CPR if they are not breathing
  • Defibrillation – Use an AED as soon as possible

Some physiological changes due to their pregnancy may complicate the management of their Airways, Breathing and CPR. They are:

                Increased:

  • Cardiac output – the heart needs to pump more blood to supply adult and unborn child
  • Blood volume – More blood in the blood vessels
  • Minute Ventilation – faster breathing rate to get more air into the lungs
  • Oxygen consumption – More oxygen is required for the adult and unborn child.

Decreased:

  • Lung volume – due to uterine pressure on the lungs

So, good quality CPR is required to overcome these complications.

Step-by-Step Guide to Performing CPR on Pregnant Women

As mentioned earlier there is little difference between CPR on a pregnant casualty or a non-pregnant one.

  1. Ensure the casualty is on their back. Place a rolled-up towel or other article under their right hip to tilt their body slightly to the left – We’ll get to the reasons for this later – check to see if their shoulders are flat on the ground. This is important.
  2. Kneel beside the casualty.
  3. Place the heel of one hand on the centre of the casualty’s chest, with the other hand on top, finger interlocked.
  4. Lean over the casualty and use your body weight to press down one-third of the chest cavity.
  5. Release the pressure and repeat.
  6. Continue at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute.

Performing CPR on Pregnant Women

Modifying Chest Compressions for Pregnancy

There is no need to modify the method of chest compressions for a pregnant casualty. The centre of the chest, lower third of the sternum is still the correct location to place your hands.

Their back and shoulders should be on the ground for the compressions with their hips tilted at an angle of approximately 15 to 30 degrees.  This hip tilt for CPR is the only difference. ( see “ Special Considerations and Challenges”)

Rescue Breaths and Airways Management

Following the application of 30 compressions at a rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute deliver 2 rescue breaths. The method for rescue breaths is as follows:

  1. Tilt their head back and pinch the soft part of their nose with one hand.
  2. Open their mouth with the other hand.
  3. Take a breath and place your mouth over the casualty’s mouth forming a tight seal with your lips.
  4. Breathe out steadily through your mouth. Watch for the rise of the casualty’s chest.
  5. Stop when their chest starts to rise and repeat when the chest has returned to normal.
  6. Return to compressions when you have completed two rescue breaths.

Continue CPR until the ambulance arrives, you can no longer perform compressions due to exhaustion, the casualty recovers, or a medical professional tells you it is ok to stop.

If the casualty starts breathing but remains unconscious, they must be placed in the recovery position on their left side. ( see “ Special Considerations and Challenges”)

For the recovery position – starting with the casualty on their back:

  1. Extend their left arm at right angles to their body.
  2. Place their right hand on their left shoulder.
  3. Lift their right leg, under the knee and as it bends ensure the right foot is flat on the floor.
  4. Their left leg should be straight.
  5. Roll the casualty over, using their hips and shoulders.
  6. Place the bent right leg gently in front of the left leg to prevent the casualty from rolling onto their stomach.
  7. If required, support their head and open their mouth to maintain an open airway.

The recovery position in pregnancy

What if for some reason, I cannot place a pregnant casualty in the recovery position on their left side?

Good question. Place them on their right side but wedge a cushion or rolled-up towel under their tummy. ( see “ Special Considerations and Challenges”)

Special Considerations and Challenges

The obvious special condition and challenge for a first aider is the presence of two patients the mother and fetus. There should be no hesitation in assisting the pregnant casualty.

Remember the best way to help the baby is to help the mother.

Then, of course, there is supine hypotensive syndrome. Supine – lying on their back, Hypotensive – a decrease in blood pressure, and Syndrome – a condition characterised by a set of associated symptoms.

So, because the pregnant casualty is lying on their back, the uterus will compress the abdominal organs and blood vessels. Specifically, the Inferior Vena Cava – a large vein located on the right side of the vertebra bringing deoxygenated blood back to the heart, and the Aorta which carries oxygenated blood from the heart to the body and other blood vessels.

When these are compressed by the uterus, blood flow is reduced, and this can have a negative effect on BOTH our casualties.

To avoid this,

  • A. We can roll the casualty on their left side when in the recovery position. This will cause the uterus to move off the Inferior Vena cava and Aorta thus preventing supine hypotensive syndrome,

And

  • B. When performing CPR, raise the right hip approximately 15 to 30 degrees. This will give the same result.

The Role of Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) in Pregnancy

Automated External Defibrillators (AEDs) in pregnancy

Can you even use an AED on a pregnant casualty? The answer is Yes!

AED shocks are safe for women at any stage of pregnancy and do not cause harm to the baby

Using an AED on a pregnant woman in cardiac arrest is essential for increasing the chances of survival for both the mother and the fetus.

A defibrillator helps reset the heart into a regular heart rhythm.  First switch on the AED then follow the visual and voice instructions from the device.

It will either deliver a shock or instruct you to continue CPR if the shock is not necessary.

Continue to follow the instructions given by the AED until help arrives. ( For more great info on AEDs go here )

Importance of Professional Training

As you can see, there are some special circumstances you as a first aider need to be aware of regarding CPR on a pregnant casualty. Get some professional training in First Aid and CPR.

This will give you the confidence, and the skills, to help not only pregnant casualties but anyone who needs First Aid assistance.

Enroll in a CPR Course

There are CPR courses available which cover the techniques needed to carry out CPR on a pregnant woman. Life Saving First Aid runs CPR courses 7 days a week. You can choose your day and time, book and pay online. Simple

Take the opportunity. You never know when you may be called upon to assist someone in need.

Well, that’s that. Until next time….. Stay safe.

Adrian

Understanding Allergic Reactions

Understanding Allergic Reactions.

What is an Allergic Reaction?

Allergic Reaction Severity

Allergic reactions are a significant health concern that can impact individuals drastically, varying from mild discomfort to life-threatening emergencies. An allergic reaction occurs when the immune system responds abnormally to a usually harmless substance called an allergen. These allergens can include foods, pollen, pet dander, or certain medications.

The severity of allergic reactions can range from minor symptoms like hives, itching, and nasal congestion to more severe symptoms such as difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat and tongue, and a sudden drop in blood pressure. The most severe form of allergic reaction is anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.

The impact of allergic reactions on an individual’s health and well-being can be profound. For those with severe allergies, daily activities can be overshadowed by the need to avoid triggers and the constant readiness to manage a possible emergency. This state of alert can induce anxiety and stress, affecting mental health and quality of life.

Understanding allergic reactions is crucial for effectively managing them, whether it involves avoiding known allergens, recognising the onset of a reaction, or knowing how to respond during an emergency. This awareness helps prevent severe health outcomes and supports a better quality of life for those affected

What Triggers an Allergic Reaction?

Allergic reactions are triggered when the immune system mistakenly identifies a typically harmless substance as a threat and mounts a defensive response. This overreaction by the immune system can be provoked by a variety of allergens, including foods, medications, insect stings, and environmental factors.

Common Allergens

Common Allergens

Foods: Some of the most common food allergens include peanuts, tree nuts, shellfish, milk, eggs, wheat, and soy. These foods can cause reactions ranging from mild symptoms, like hives and itching, to severe anaphylactic reactions.

According to the Centre for Food Allergy Research Australia – ” Australia is the allergy capital of the world with more than five million people living with allergies. Australia also has the highest rates of childhood food allergy globally, with one child in every classroom impacted. “

  • Medications: Drugs like penicillin and other antibiotics, aspirin, and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are common triggers. Medication-induced allergic reactions can also vary widely in severity.
  • Insect Stings: Venom from stings of bees, wasps, hornets, and fire ants are typical triggers. The reactions can be localised, affecting only the area around the sting, or systemic, affecting the whole body.
  • Environmental Factors: Pollen from trees, grasses, and weeds; mould spores; pet dander; and dust mites are environmental allergens that often lead to respiratory symptoms, such as sneezing, congestion, and asthma attack.

Role of the Immune System

The immune system’s role in allergic reactions begins when it first encounters an allergen. In some individuals, the immune system views the allergen as a threat and produces Immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibodies. These antibodies attach to immune cells called mast cells and basophils that are found in various tissues throughout the body. When the individual is exposed to the allergen again, these antibodies recognise it and signal the immune cells to release histamine and other chemicals. This release causes the symptoms of an allergic reaction.

The intensity of the immune response can vary significantly among individuals and can even change over a person’s lifetime. Understanding the role of the immune system in these responses is crucial for developing effective treatments and preventive strategies, such as allergen avoidance, medications to control symptoms, and immunotherapy to reduce sensitivity to allergens.

Recognising and managing allergies effectively involves not only avoiding known allergens but also educating those affected about their condition and potential emergency responses, including the use of epinephrine auto-injectors in cases of severe reactions. This knowledge is vital for safeguarding health and improving the quality of life for individuals with allergies.

Symptoms of Allergies

Allergic reactions can manifest a wide array of symptoms, ranging from mild and merely inconvenient to severe and life-threatening. These symptoms can affect the skin, respiratory system, gastrointestinal tract, and cardiovascular system.

Mild to Moderate Symptoms

Mild to Moderate Allergy Symptoms

Skin Reactions:

  • Hives: Raised, itchy, red welts on the skin’s surface.
  • Eczema: A persistent rash that may produce scaly and itchy patches of skin.
  • Redness: Skin can become red and irritated around the affected area.

Respiratory Symptoms:

  • Sneezing and Runny Nose: Common in reactions to airborne allergens like pollen.
  • Itchy and Watery Eyes: Often accompanied by redness and swelling of the eyelids.
  • Mild Coughing: Triggered by irritation of the airways.

Gastrointestinal Symptoms:

  • Nausea and Vomiting: The body’s way of expelling the allergen.
  • Diarrhea: This can occur when allergens affect the gastrointestinal tract.
  • Abdominal Pain: Cramping can occur due to inflammation in the gut.

Swelling:

  • Angioedema: Swelling of the deeper layers of the skin, often seen around the eyes and lips.

Severe Symptoms

Severe Allergy Symptoms

Respiratory Complications:

  • Difficulty Breathing: Swelling in the throat or a severe asthma reaction can significantly restrict airways.
  • Wheezing and Severe Asthma: Audible whistling sounds when breathing, indicative of obstructed airways.

Cardiovascular Symptoms:

  • Dizziness or Fainting: Caused by a drop in blood pressure.
  • Weak Pulse: A sign of anaphylaxis, indicating shock.

Anaphylaxis:

  • A Severe, Whole-Body Reaction: This is a rapid onset emergency that can involve all the previously mentioned symptoms but with increased severity.
  • Swelling of the Throat and Mouth: This can lead to difficulty swallowing and breathing.
  • Rapid Drop in Blood Pressure: This can cause shock and organ failure if not treated promptly.
  • Loss of Consciousness: Extreme cases can lead to unconsciousness within minutes.

What is Anaphylaxis?

Anaphylaxis is a systemic allergic reaction, which means it can affect multiple systems in the body simultaneously. It typically occurs within minutes of exposure to an allergen, but can sometimes take longer to manifest. Various allergens, including certain foods, medications, insect stings, or latex can trigger a reaction.

Symptoms of Anaphylaxis

What is Anaphylaxis?

The symptoms of anaphylaxis can develop quickly and escalate from mild to severe. Key symptoms include:

  • Skin reactions: such as hives, flushed skin, or pale skin
  • Swelling: which can occur in the face, throat, lips, tongue, or other parts of the body
  • Breathing difficulties: due to swelling in the airways or a severe asthma response
  • Rapid, weak pulse
  • Dizziness or fainting: as a result of a sudden drop in blood pressure
  • Gastrointestinal symptoms: such as nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal pain
  • The feeling of impending doom: anxiety, or confusion

Anaphylaxis can quickly progress to cause breathing difficulties and vascular collapse, leading to shock and potentially, if untreated, death. Immediate treatment with epinephrine, commonly administered through an auto-injector like an EpiPen, is crucial. Epinephrine works by reversing the symptoms of anaphylaxis: it increases blood pressure, reduces swelling, and opens the airways. After administering epinephrine, it’s vital to call emergency services and seek professional medical help, as further treatment may be necessary, and symptoms can recur.

Creating an Anaphylaxis Action Plan

Anaphylaxis Action Plan

Having an anaphylaxis action plan is essential for anyone at risk of such reactions. An effective plan typically includes:

  • Identification of Allergens: Knowing what triggers your allergic reactions is crucial to avoid exposure.
  • Symptom Recognition: Understanding the early signs of anaphylaxis can help in taking swift action.
  • Immediate Use of Epinephrine: Keeping an epinephrine auto-injector accessible at all times and knowing how to use it properly.
  • Emergency Contacts: Having a list of emergency contacts and instructions for bystanders or caregivers on what to do and whom to call.
  • Follow-Up Care: Instructions for seeking immediate medical care even after the symptoms subside, as secondary reactions can occur.

Educating family, friends, and coworkers about the action plan and how to use an epinephrine auto-injector can also be life-saving. Schools and workplaces should be aware of individuals with severe allergies to facilitate quick and effective responses in case of an emergency.

By preparing and adhering to an anaphylaxis action plan, individuals at risk can significantly improve their safety and outcomes in the event of an allergic emergency. This proactive approach not only saves lives but also provides peace of mind for those with severe allergies and their loved ones

Common Allergens

Common Allergens

Allergic reactions can be triggered by a wide range of substances, known as allergens. The body’s immune system mistakenly identifies these typically harmless substances as threats, leading to an allergic response. Here’s an overview of the most common triggers of allergic reactions:

Food

1. Nuts

Nuts are one of the leading causes of food allergic reactions and can be divided into two categories: tree nuts and peanuts. Peanuts are legumes, similar to beans and lentils, but they are commonly grouped with nuts due to similar protein structures and allergic reactions.

  • Tree Nuts: This category includes almonds, walnuts, hazelnuts, cashews, pistachios, and Brazil nuts. Reactions can range from mild to potentially life-threatening, including anaphylaxis.
  • Peanuts: Despite being legumes, peanut allergies are often severe and can lead to anaphylactic reactions. Even trace amounts can trigger a response in highly sensitive individuals.

2. Dairy

Dairy allergies involve an immune response to one or more of the proteins present in cow’s milk, such as casein and whey. Symptoms can include hives, stomach upset, vomiting, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis. Dairy is a common allergen for children, although many outgrow it as they get older.

3. Eggs

Egg allergy is another common allergy, particularly among children. It typically involves reactions to proteins in the whites, but some people must avoid all parts of the egg. Symptoms range from skin reactions to respiratory issues and gastrointestinal discomfort. Like dairy, some children outgrow egg allergies.

4. Shellfish

Shellfish allergy is typically lifelong and can be caused by various types of shellfish, including shrimp, crab, lobster, and mollusks like clams, mussels, and oysters. The allergic reaction to shellfish can be severe, often occurring from both consuming shellfish or inhaling steam from cooking shellfish.

5. Gluten

Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley, and rye. It is problematic primarily for individuals with celiac disease, a severe autoimmune disorder where ingestion of gluten leads to damage in the small intestine. Symptoms include bloating, diarrhea, and abdominal pain, and can lead to serious complications if not managed with a strict gluten-free diet. A related condition, non-celiac gluten sensitivity, causes similar symptoms but without the intestinal damage.

Plants

Allergenic plants, particularly those that produce pollen, are major triggers for seasonal allergies, commonly known as hay fever or allergic rhinitis. These plants release tiny grains of pollen that are carried by the wind, often over long distances. When inhaled by someone who is allergic, these pollen grains can cause symptoms like sneezing, itchy and watery eyes, and a runny nose. Here’s a look at some common allergenic plants, categorised by grasses, trees, and flowers:

1. Grasses

Grass pollen is one of the most common allergens. The following grasses are known for producing significant amounts of pollen that can trigger allergic reactions:

  • Bermuda Grass: Common in warmer climates, Bermuda grass releases pollen from late spring to fall.
  • Rye Grass: Often used in lawns and fields, rye grass is a significant pollen producer in the spring and summer.
  • Bahia Grass: Common in subtropical regions, its pollen is highly allergenic.

2. Trees

Tree pollen is typically released early in the year and can be highly allergenic. Some trees known for their high pollen output include:

  • Birch: One of the most common allergenic trees, particularly in northern climates. Birch pollen is released in spring and can cause severe reactions in sensitive individuals.
  • Oak: Pollenates in the spring and is known for its high allergenicity, which can severely affect those with allergies.
  • Pine: Although less allergenic than others, pine trees produce large amounts of pollen that can still cause symptoms.

3. Flowers

While many people associate flowers with strong scents that can cause allergies, it’s actually the pollen from certain flowering plants that is more likely to be problematic for allergy sufferers:

  • Daisy Family: Includes many flowering plants like chrysanthemums and sunflowers that can cause allergic reactions due to their pollen.
  • Chrysanthemums: These flowers can trigger reactions due to their pollen and the presence of other plant compounds.
  • Sunflowers: While beautiful, sunflowers produce pollen that can be allergenic to some people.

Medicines

Certain medications can trigger allergic reactions in some individuals, with antibiotics and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) being among the most common culprits.

Antibiotics

Antibiotics are designed to fight infections by killing bacteria or preventing their growth. However, they can also be a common trigger for drug allergies. The mechanisms and manifestations can vary:

  • Penicillin and Related Antibiotics: These are the most common antibiotics causing allergic reactions. The immune system can mistakenly recognise penicillin or its byproducts as harmful, leading to an immune response. Symptoms of an allergic reaction to penicillin may include rashes, hives, swelling, and in severe cases, anaphylaxis.
  • Sulfonamides (Sulfa Drugs): While less common today, sulfa antibiotics can also cause severe allergic reactions. These may manifest as skin reactions, fever, and systemic symptoms.
  • Cephalosporins: Similar to penicillin in structure, cephalosporins can cause cross-reactivity in individuals allergic to penicillin. Allergic reactions can range from mild to severe.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory Drugs (NSAIDs)

NSAIDs are commonly used to reduce pain, inflammation, and fever. They work by inhibiting enzymes involved in the production of inflammatory compounds. However, they can also trigger allergic reactions or exacerbate underlying conditions:

  • Aspirin and Ibuprofen: These are among the most commonly used NSAIDs and can trigger allergies or other adverse reactions like asthma exacerbation. This is not always a true allergy but can be due to altered arachidonic acid metabolism, leading to an imbalance in prostaglandins and leukotrienes, inflammatory mediators that can cause respiratory symptoms in susceptible individuals.
  • COX-2 Inhibitors: While designed to be safer for the stomach and less likely to cause gastrointestinal problems, COX-2 inhibitors can still trigger allergic reactions in some people.

Insects

Insect Allergies

Allergic reactions caused by insect stings or bites, particularly from bees, wasps, and ants, can range from mild to severe and potentially life-threatening. These reactions are triggered when an insect injects venom into the skin during a sting.

1. Bee Stings

Bee stings are one of the more common causes of allergic reactions to insect venom. The venom contains proteins that affect skin cells and the immune system, causing pain and swelling at the sting site. In those allergic to bee venom, the reaction can be more severe, including symptoms such as:

  • Extreme redness and swelling that increase for two or three days after the sting.
  • Hives or rash that appears away from the sting site.
  • Difficulty breathing due to swelling in the throat or lungs.
  • Anaphylaxis that may include rapid swelling, difficulty breathing, a sharp drop in blood pressure, dizziness, or loss of consciousness.

2. Wasp Stings

Wasps can be more aggressive than bees and can sting multiple times, injecting venom with each sting. Wasp venom can cause significant allergic reactions similar to bee stings. Symptoms of a wasp sting reaction include:

  • Pain, redness, and swelling at the sting site.
  • Large areas of swelling may develop around the sting.
  • Anaphylactic reactions in highly sensitive individuals, requiring immediate medical attention.

3. Ant Stings and Bites

Certain species of ants, like fire ants, not only bite but also sting by injecting venom. Fire ant stings can cause a unique reaction that includes:

  • A sharp pain at the time of the sting followed by a red welt.
  • The development of a blister filled with fluid on top of the welt within 24 hours.
  • Multiple stings that often occur as fire ants latch on with their mandibles and inject venom multiple times in a circular pattern.
  • In allergic individuals, symptoms can escalate to severe swelling, dizziness, breathing difficulties, or anaphylaxis.

Moulds

Allergic Reactions to Mould Spores

Allergic Reactions to Mold Spores

Mould spores can cause a variety of symptoms similar to other airborne allergens, such as pollen. Common allergic reactions include:

  • Respiratory Symptoms: Sneezing, coughing, congestion, and runny nose are typical responses. People with mould allergies may also experience wheezing or difficulty breathing, especially if they have asthma.
  • Eye Irritation: Itchy, red, and watering eyes are common in people exposed to mould spores.
  • Skin Reactions: Some individuals might develop a rash or hives when exposed to mould, especially if they have direct contact with the spores.

Impact on Individuals with Asthma

For those with asthma, exposure to mould spores can be particularly problematic:

  • Asthma Exacerbations: Mould spores can trigger severe asthma attacks, where symptoms such as wheezing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath become significantly worse.
  • Increased Sensitivity: Continuous exposure to mould can increase sensitivity to mould spores, leading to more frequent and severe asthma symptoms.
  • Long-term Lung Irritation: Prolonged exposure can cause persistent inflammation in the airways. This may lead to a decline in lung function over time.

Animal Dander

Pet dander from animals like cats and dogs is a common trigger for allergic reactions in many individuals. Dander consists of tiny, even microscopic, flecks of skin shed by cats, dogs, rodents, birds, and other animals with fur or feathers. These particles can carry proteins that are allergens. Allergens can cause allergic reactions when they come into contact with a person’s skin or are inhaled.

When people with allergies to pet dander inhale these particles or they come into contact with their skin, their immune system mistakenly identifies the proteins in the dander as harmful. This immune response can lead to various allergic symptoms such as respiratory symptoms, eye irritation, and skin reactions.

Pet dander is particularly troublesome because it is very small and lightweight, allowing it to remain airborne for long periods. It can also cling to clothing, furniture, carpets, and other surfaces in the home, making it difficult to completely eliminate.

Chemicals

Allergic Reactions to Chemicals

Allergic reactions to chemicals found in everyday products such as cosmetics, detergents, and industrial chemicals are a significant concern for many people. These reactions are often due to substances known as contact allergens, which can cause the immune system to overreact upon skin contact or inhalation.

Cosmetics:

  • Fragrances and Preservatives: Many skin care products, perfumes, and makeup items contain fragrances and preservatives that can trigger allergic reactions. Common culprits include formaldehyde, parabens, and methylisothiazolinone.
  • Hair Dye Chemicals: Para-phenylenediamine (PPD) found in hair dyes is a frequent cause of allergic reactions, leading to dermatitis on the scalp, face, or neck.

Detergents and Cleaning Agents:

  • Enzymes: Laundry and dishwashing detergents often contain enzymes to break down stains and residue, which can cause skin irritation and allergic reactions.
  • Bleach and Ammonia: These strong chemicals can cause respiratory and skin reactions in sensitive individuals.

Industrial Chemicals:

  • Latex: Used in various products, including gloves and medical devices, latex can cause severe allergic reactions.
  • Nickel: Found in everything from jewelry to coins and metal tools, nickel is a common cause of contact dermatitis.
  • Isocyanates: Commonly used in paints, varnishes, and foam insulation, these chemicals can cause respiratory allergies and asthma.

Immediate First Aid for Allergic Reactions

Immediate First Aid for Allergic Reactions

Responding promptly and effectively to an allergic reaction can save lives, especially in cases of severe reactions like anaphylaxis. Here’s a step-by-step guide on how to respond to an allergic reaction, emphasising the importance of early symptom identification and the appropriate use of an EpiPen:

Step 1: Recognise the Symptoms

Identify signs and symptoms of an allergic reaction, which can include:

  • Mild Symptoms: Hives, mild itching, nasal congestion, or minor swelling.
  • Severe Symptoms (Anaphylaxis): Difficulty breathing, swelling of the throat or tongue, severe and rapid swelling, dizziness, fainting, abdominal pain, vomiting, or diarrhea.

Step 2: Evaluate the Severity

Quickly determine the severity of the symptoms. If any signs of severe allergic reactions (anaphylaxis) are present, proceed immediately to the next steps. For mild symptoms, monitor closely, as reactions can escalate quickly.

Step 3: Administer an EpiPen (for Severe Reactions)

If the individual has a history of severe allergies and carries an epinephrine auto-injector (EpiPen):

  • 1 – Hold the EpiPen with the orange tip pointing downward.
  • 2 – Remove the blue safety cap.
  • 3 – Place the orange tip against the middle of the outer thigh.
  • 4 – Push down firmly until a click is heard, then hold for 3 seconds.
  • 5 – Remove the injector.

Step 4: Call Emergency Services

Call emergency services immediately if you observe severe symptoms, even if epinephrine has been administered.

Inform them that someone is experiencing a severe allergic reaction and mention if you have administered epinephrine. Be prepared to provide details about the person’s exposure.

Step 5: Follow Up with Care

If epinephrine was used, the individual must go to the hospital or a medical facility for further observation and care:

  • After-effects: Biphasic anaphylaxis is when the reaction could recur.
  • Monitoring: Medical professionals will monitor vital signs, administer additional medications if needed, and provide further treatment.

Step 6: Observe and Comfort

While waiting for emergency services:

  • Keep the person lying flat, elevate their legs to improve blood flow, and cover them with a blanket.
  • Do not give them anything to drink.
  • If breathing becomes difficult, loosen tight clothing and ensure nothing is obstructing their airways.
  • Stay with the person until medical help arrives.

Step 7: Prevention and Planning

After an allergic reaction:

  • Review and revise: Consider what triggered the reaction and how exposure can be avoided in the future.
  • Medical review: Schedule a follow-up with an allergist to potentially update treatment plans and discuss preventive strategies.
  • Educate and inform: Ensure that family, friends, and co-workers are aware of the allergy, recognise the signs of an allergic reaction, and understand how to use an EpiPen.

Be Prepared: Learn How to Handle Allergic Reactions

In this blog, we’ve explored the critical aspects of allergic reactions, from recognising the variety of triggers including foods, insects, chemicals, and environmental factors to understanding the range of symptoms that can arise. We discussed the severity of reactions, particularly anaphylaxis, and the importance of being able to quickly identify and respond to such emergencies.

Key Takeaways:

  • Understanding Allergens: Knowledge of common allergens, such as specific foods, pollen, pet dander, and medications, is crucial for prevention and preparedness. Avoiding known triggers is the first step in managing allergic reactions.
  • Recognising Symptoms: Being able to identify the early signs of an allergic reaction, from mild symptoms like hives and itching to severe symptoms like difficulty breathing and swelling, can be lifesaving. This awareness is essential for timely and effective intervention.
  • Emergency Response: Knowing how to respond to an allergic reaction, particularly anaphylaxis, is vital. This includes the proper administration of an EpiPen and immediately calling for medical help. Remember, epinephrine is the first line of defense in treating severe reactions and can prevent more severe consequences if administered quickly.
  • Preparedness and Education: Having an allergy action plan and ensuring that those around you (family, friends, colleagues) are aware of it can make a significant difference in emergencies. Education about allergies and emergency responses should be ongoing.
  • Medical Follow-Up: After an allergic reaction it’s important to seek further medical evaluation and care. Especially if an EpiPen was used. This helps to ensure that the allergic individual is stable and provides an opportunity to review and adjust allergy management strategies.

Understanding allergic reactions and being prepared to respond are not just about personal safety. They are about community awareness and readiness. Whether you or someone you know has allergies, the knowledge and steps discussed here empower you to act confidently and promptly, potentially saving lives. Encouraging a wider understanding and readiness to act in allergic emergencies is an essential part of fostering a safer environment for everyone.

Check out some of our other Blogs here.

This is me, Mitch. Watch this space!

Poisoning: Recognition and Management

Poisoning: Recognition and Management
Here’s what you, as a First Aider, need to know to recognise and manage a poisoning emergency. Accidental Poisoning Recognition: What it is - When someone unintentionally drinks, eats, breathes, injects or touches enough of a hazardous substance to cause illness or death. Examples - Pharmaceutical drugs, alcohol, cleaning products, pesticides, Carbon Monoxide. Symptoms - Fitting, Nausea, Vomiting, Falling over, Drowsiness, Abdominal Pain, Unconsciousness Management: 1. First, ensure you can safely assist them. 2. If conscious, ask them what happened and what they have been exposed to. 3. NEVER try to induce vomiting. 4. Call the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26 (24/7, Australia wide) 5. If they become unconscious, CALL 000 and start CPR. Be mindful of toxic residue on the casualty’s lips. Do compression-only CPR or use a face shield. Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Recognition: What it is - When Carbon Monoxide, a toxic gas with fumes that are impossible to see, taste, or smell, is inhaled. Examples- Combustion engines and any appliances that use gas, oil, kerosene, or wood can produce carbon monoxide. Symptoms: Drowsiness, vomiting, nausea, dizziness, chest pain, headaches, weakness, confusion, shortness of breath, unconsciousness and death (when exposed to high CO levels) Management: 1. Call 000 2. Ensure you can safely assist them. If it’s too dangerous, do not try. 3. Get the casualty to clean air (if safe to do so). 4. Monitor their condition. 5. If they become unconscious, perform CPR & Defibrillation.

Introduction

In this article, we will cover Poison recognition and management, and what you, as a First Aider, will need to know to recognise and manage a poisoning emergency.

Poisons: Some facts and figures

Poisoning occurs when people unintentionally drink, eat, breathe, inject or touch enough of a hazardous substance 
to cause illness or death.

Poisoning occurs when people unintentionally drink, eat, breathe, inject or touch enough of a hazardous substance (poison) to cause illness or death.

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare during 2018-19 in Australia, accidental poisoning resulted in 10,500 hospitalisations and 1,400 deaths.

Of the hospitalisations, 83% were due to harmful exposure to pharmaceutical drugs. The rest were due to other substances including household cleaners, etc. Young children aged 0–4 had the highest rate of accidental poisoning hospitalisations.

Children are often poisoned by substances left unattended and easily accessed. For instance, on a bench or table, ready to be used in visitors’ bags (medicines), or on bedside tables.

Don’t assume that high cupboards provide safe storage because children learn to climb to get to things. Therefore, a locked cabinet is the best storage option.

Recognition and Management of Poisoning

If your casualty has had a significant poisoning, any symptoms that develop will depend on several factors. For example, which medicine or chemical is involved and how much the person has been exposed to.

Poisoning Symptoms

Poisoning Symptoms: Fitting, Nausea, Vomiting, Drowsiness, Falling over, Abdominal pain, Unconsciousness

Symptoms of poisoning may include:

  • Nausea
  • Vomiting
  • Drowsiness
  • Falling over
  • Abdominal pain
  • Fitting
  • Unconsciousness

Poisoning Management

Poisoning Management: 
1. Follow DRSABCD. 
2. Ensure you can safely assist them.
3. If conscious, ask them what happened.
4. Never try to induce vomiting.
5. Pick up the poison’s container. 
6. Call the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26 (24/7, Australia wide).
7. If CPR is needed be mindful of toxic residue on the casualty’s lips.

As always with First Aid, we will start with our initial action plan, DRSABCD.

Remember: some poisons are airborne.

  • If conscious, ask the casualty what has happened and if they know what they have been exposed to.
  • Never try to induce vomiting.
  • Pick up the product container (if you have it and it is safe to do so) and take it with you to the phone. The Poisons Information Centre will want to know what ingredients are in the product.
  • Phone the Poisons Information Centre on 13 11 26 (24 hours a day, Australia wide), where you will get advice on what to do next.
  • If CPR is needed be mindful of toxic residue on the casualty’s lips, so use a face shield or do compressions-only CPR.

Carbon Monoxide

Carbon Monoxide is a toxic gas with fumes that are impossible to see, taste, or smell, which is why it is often referred to as a silent killer. Combustion engines and any appliances that use gas, oil, kerosene, or wood can produce carbon monoxide.

Carbon monoxide (CO) can be a hidden danger that many people are unaware of.

It is a toxic gas with fumes that are impossible to see, taste or smell. As a result, Carbon Monoxide is often referred to as a silent killer.

All combustion engines will produce Carbon Monoxide as well as any appliances that use gas, oil, kerosene, or wood – these can produce Carbon Monoxide too.

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Signs and Symptoms

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Symptoms: Nausea, Weakness, Confusion, Chest Pain, Headaches, Vomiting, Dizziness, Drowsiness, Shortness of Breath, Unconsciousness and Death (when exposed to high CO levels)

Carbon monoxide poisoning can often be mistaken for viral infections or the flu. Carbon monoxide replaces oxygen in the blood when inhaled and, as a result, this may cause symptoms such as:

  • Headaches
  • Drowsiness
  • Shortness of breath
  • Dizziness
  • Nausea or vomiting
  • Weakness
  • Confusion
  • Chest pain
  • High levels of Carbon Monoxide can cause loss of consciousness and death

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Management

Carbon Monoxide Poisoning Management: Use the DRSABCD Action Plan. If it is too dangerous for you to rescue the casualty, do not try. 
1. Call 000
2. Get the casualty to clean air (if safe to do so)
3. Monitor their condition
4. If required, perform CPR & Defibrillation

It is very important to use the initial action plan DRSABCD because in Carbon Monoxide Poisoning there may be a real threat to your safety.

  • If it is too dangerous for you to rescue the casualty, do not try.
  • CALL 000
  • Remove casualty to clean air, providing it is safe for you to do so
  • Monitor their condition

Recap

So, let’s recap the main points:

Firstly, symptoms of Poisoning may include:

  • Nausea, vomiting, drowsiness, falling over, abdominal pain, fitting, and/or unconsciousness.
  • Call poisons hotline on 131126
  • Don’t induce vomiting
  • DRSABCD

Secondly, for Carbon Monoxide poisoning:

  •  Follow DRSABCD
  • CALL 000
  • Remove casualty to clean air, providing it is safe for you to do so

So, if you liked this article click here for more First Aid related info.

Well, that’s that. Until next time… Stay safe.

What Supplies are Essential if you travel to Remote Areas?

What Supplies are Essential if you travel to Remote Areas?

Introduction

This is the final part of our article on remote area first aid. We are going to look at some of the equipment and supplies you may need when travelling in remote areas. Don’t forget to read Remote First Aid (part 1) and handling medical emergencies in remote areas (part 2).

The quantity of supplies and equipment you can carry of course depends on your mode of travel. A 4-wheel drive outback adventure compared to a 3-week bushwalking trek for example.

Regardless of your mode of travel, there are some essentials you will need.

Itinerary

First and foremost, you will need a map or itinerary outlining where you are going, when you should be at certain locations on the map, and your expected ETA at the end of the journey.

One copy for you and another for someone who can monitor your progress and will check to see if you have arrived safely. If possible, you could even arrange regular communication times so that a missed call will trigger a search and rescue response.

Communications

While we are talking about communications, vast areas of remote Australia are without mobile phone coverage. (Have a look here to get an idea of Australia’s phone coverage.) This means an alternative method of communication or emergency notification is required.

There are lots of alternatives on the market. The list below is just a few of those available.

  • Satellite Phones – for use when outside mobile phone coverage. They connect directly to satellites and enable you to make/receive calls or SMS.
  • Satellite Communicators – enable text messaging but no voice communication.
  • UHF Radio – Generally for short-range communications up to about 5 km.
  • EPIRB and PLB – Emergency Position Indicating Radio Beacon and Personal Locator Beacon are distress beacons that send an emergency signal along with your GPS coordinates to emergency services via satellite. These devices do not offer any messaging or navigation functions. They are something you carry with you and only use in the event of an emergency.

For a great analysis of remote communications equipment check out the information available here.

Other communication items you may consider are:

  • A whistle for attracting attention if lost.
  • A mirror to signal aircraft or other searchers.

First Aid Kit for Remote Area First Aid

For remote area first aid, a well-stocked First Aid Kit is essential. Once again you might be limited regarding how much you can carry. You may need to compromise on what you would LIKE to have and what you NEED to have.

The following list is a bare minimum of first aid supplies you should carry:

  • First Aid Instructions/quick reference guide (x1)
  • Notebook and Pen or Pencil (x1)
  • Disposable surgical face masks (x4)
  • Resuscitation face mask or face shield with one-way valve (x1)
  • Disposable nitrile gloves – nitrile is a latex-free rubber suitable for people with latex allergies (x5 pairs in various sizes)
  • Gauze swabs – sterile 3-pack of 10 x 10 cm (x5 packs)
  • Saline (x8 of 15ml or x4 of 30 ml)
  • Adhesive dressing strips – plastic or fabric (x1 packet of 50)
  • Non-adherent wound dressing/pad – Small 5 x 5 cm (x6)
  • Non-adherent wound dressing/pad – Medium 7.5 x 7.5 cm (x3)
  • Non-adherent wound dressing/pad – Large 10 x 10 cm (x3)
  • Conforming crepe bandage – Light 5 cm width (x3)
  • Conforming crepe bandage – Light 7.5 cm width (x3)
  • Conforming crepe bandage 10 cm width (x1)
  • Scissors (x1)
  • Adhesive Tape – non-stretch hypoallergenic 2.5 cm wide roll (x1)
  • Dressing Combine Pad 9 x 20 cm (x2)
  • Large Resealable Bag (x2)
  • Triangular Bandage minimum width 110 x 155 cm (x2)
  • Single-use eye pads (x2)
  • Instant cold pack for treatment of soft tissue injuries and some stings (x1)
  • Alcohol-based hand sanitiser (x1)
  • Emergency accident blanket (x1)

Extras


You can buy first aid kits already stocked with the basics and add additional items to suit your needs.

So, that’s a basic first aid supplies list. You may want to add:

  • Snake Bite Bandages
  • Ointment for insect bites
  • Antiseptic cream
  • Soluble pain relievers
  • Electrolyte replacement‎
  • Antihistamine
  • Insect repellent
  • Salt, for leeches
  • Personal medication, with instructions
  • Tweezers and splinter needles
  • Splint material

Make sure that your first aid kit is a soft pack. This makes it much easier to store and carry.

You can find some more information on first-aid kits in our article “First Aid Kit Checklist: The Ultimate Guide.”

Other Supplies

As a First Aid Training Company, we are mainly concerned with the Remote Area First Aid side of things. However, we do recognise that other supplies that you take for an outback or wilderness adventure have an impact on your health and safety. Adequate water and clothing suitable for the climate and terrain for example.

So, I have had a look around and found a couple of good websites to help you with your trip planning. (That’s the kinda guy I am…)

Check out this Outback and off-road checklist. It is very comprehensive. As is the website for vehicular travel around Australia.

Also, take a peek at Trail Hiking Australia. As the name suggests, great information for hikers.

Conclusion

Australia is huge and mostly empty. When you are standing in the middle of nowhere, many hours or days from anyone else, it can be very peaceful. It can also be very stressful. The best you can do is be confident in your preparation, your communication systems, and the equipment/supplies you have with you.

As Benjamin Franklin said – “ By failing to prepare, you are preparing to fail”.  And, miles from nowhere, nobody really wants to fail.

Well, that’s that. Until next time… Stay safe.

Adrian

Survival First Aid: Handling Medical Emergencies in Remote Areas

How to deal with a remote area first aid incident
Many activities happen outdoors in Australia, mostly injury-free. But if troubles arise, as the first aider in the group, what's your action plan?

Introduction

In part one of Remote Area First Aid, we looked at the preparation and some of the considerations associated with it. But you would know that because you’ve read it. If you haven’t then you should.

This time we are going to look at how you, as a first aider can deal with a remote area first aid incident.

There are heaps of diverse adventurous activities undertaken in the Great Australian Outdoors. Most occur incident-free with everyone returning home uninjured. (Perhaps a little sunburnt. But that’s another blog…)

Regardless of the activity, if it goes pear-shaped, the injuries sustained will be similar. Broken this, bruised that, punctured thingummy, or slashed whatsit.

AND, If you are the first aider in the group, YOU will most likely be called upon to answer the question on everyone’s lips – “What are we going to do”?

Don’t forget the basics. The initial action plan of DRSABCD: Danger Response Send for help Airways Breathing CPR Defibrillator

What are you going to do?

Don’t forget the basics. The initial action plan of DRSABCD:

  • Danger
  • Response
  • Send for help
  • Airways
  • Breathing
  • CPR
  • Defibrillator

is just as valid in a remote area as it is in the suburbs.

In fact, using this initial action plan should short-circuit the panic impulse. Because it is a checklist plan with a set of actions to complete, as you work through it concentrating on each task, the urge to panic will be reduced. Handy.

Assessing the situation

You need to remain calm and act methodically. Medical assistance is probably not just around the corner.

A remote setting requires some extra first aid skills and a better understanding of actions and consequences.  

For example:

  • Action – casualty has fallen from approx. 5 metres.
  • Consequences –  What are the Consequences? You need to know that a fall from any height above 1.2 metres can cause serious injuries including spinal injuries, head injuries or even death. And falls above 30m or higher are almost 100% fatal. (Check this out: “… lost his footing on an unsecured wooden plank and fell approximately two metres through the gap to the concrete floor below. The worker was taken to hospital with head injuries and later died.” This is from The Australian Institute of Health & Safety)

So, if you are out bushwalking on mountainous or coastal cliff trails this type of extra knowledge would be very useful…

And the extra first aid skills? For this example, the know-how to deal with multiple serious fractures, spinal injury, internal bleeding, and serious head injury. Add a couple of panicking, distressed group members, just to stretch you a bit thinner…

To top it off, if you have communication with medical advice, you may even be required to carry out a medical procedure you are not trained for under the guidance of a doctor on the other end of the phone!

But hey… No pressure. It’s about now that you wished you had stayed home and watched the footy.

Back to assessing the situation.

OBSERVATION

Look at the situation. SEE what’s happened, work out what’s happening, and what could happen next.

Remember, your safety and the safety of the others in the group are paramount! Don’t rush to assist the casualty. You could miss recognising a dangerous situation.

In our example above with a fall, you may have to approach the edge of a drop-off. You may need to use a rope to secure you from falling. Can you see the casualty? Are there any obvious injuries? Can they talk to you? Are they responsive?

Contact emergency services ASAP If you think their injuries are serious. This could mean calling on the phone or sending other members of the group out to get help.

In a remote first aid situation, any delay in organising medical assistance may affect the casualty’s chance of survival.

ACTION

Initial assessment of the casualty should be carried out calmly and methodically. If they are conscious you can ask pertinent questions.

Initial assessment of the casualty should be carried out calmly and methodically. If they are conscious you can ask pertinent questions.

For example, “ Can you breathe OK?” Ask them to take a deep breath. Watch for signs of any discomfort.

If they cannot breathe effectively then examine their chest for any injuries.

Broken ribs from falls are common. Ribs enclose the heart, lungs, and other vital organs. Any severe chest trauma may cause life-threatening injuries to these organs. Broken ribs do not require compression bandaging. Look for signs of internal bleeding.

Make the casualty as comfortable as possible and monitor their condition.

Remember if they are unconscious and breathing, place them in the recovery position even if you suspect a spine or neck injury.

Bleeding

Severe, life-threatening bleeding must be stopped as soon as possible. Apply dressings and bandages as a priority. For profuse arterial bleeding, you may need to apply a tourniquet.

Monitor the bleeding and replace dressings if blood soaks through.

Head and Neck

Head and neck injuries should be suspected when impact injuries have occurred – Falls, aggression, hit in the head etc.

Stabilise the head and neck as soon as possible – use your hands or packing around the head and neck. You may have to deal with life-threatening issues first. Severe bleeding and breathing problems for example.

Head-to-Toe Assessment

Do a head-to-toe assessment as soon as the casualty is stabilised. Check the casualty’s body for broken bones, and severe bleeding. Deal with minor injuries, minor bleeding and non-bleeding wounds later.

History

To collect the casualty’s medical history, use the acronym AMPLE. Allergies – triggers and allergies. · Medication – what medication, if any, are they taking. · Past/present medical history – heart condition, blood disorders. · Last meal or fluid intake – what and how much. · Event/environment – Signs, symptoms, observations. As well as what, when and how it happened.

History of the incident includes what has happened as well as details of the medical history of the casualty. Existing medical conditions, required medications, allergies suffered etc. can be ascertained after any life-threatening injuries have been managed.

Use the acronym AMPLE when you can collect the casualty’s medical history.

  • Allergies – triggers and allergies.
  • Medication – what medication, if any, are they taking.
  • Past/present medical history – heart condition, blood disorders.
  • Last meal or fluid intake – what and how much.
  • Event/environment – Signs, symptoms, observations. As well as what, when and how it happened.

Ongoing Care

Make the casualty as comfortable as possible. Relocate them to your campsite if you can. Or you can build your campsite around them.

If in a hot region, adequate shade, and water during the day. Warmth during the night. Cold, keep warm and dry. Watch for signs of Hyperthermia and Hypothermia.

Remember, you may be some distance or time from assistance. This means you will have to care for the casualty for some time before this help arrives. Also, the type of injury will determine the care required.

A broken leg although potentially very serious will not require the same type of treatment and care as severe life-threatening bleeding.

You could be there for some time and there are no guarantees the casualty’s condition will improve. They could get worse. A lot worse.

Make sure you conduct a thorough check on them regularly  – say every 15 minutes for serious injuries to every hour for less serious. Record all your observations. 

Look at their:

  • Conscious State – Very conscious, in and out.
  • Pulse and breathing rate – within normal limits or otherwise.
  • Temperature – Normal? High? Low?
  • Eyes – check pupils. Reaction to light, sizes, dilated or contracted.
  • Skin for condition and colour – Wet, cold, hot. Normal or bluish.
  • Headache
  • Slurred speech
  • Pain level
  • Fluid intake and output – measure using a cup or empty tin can (this is especially important if they are vomiting or have diarrhoea).

By making these observations and recording them you will identify any changes and be able to respond to them quickly. This may make a life-or-death difference to your casualty.

Infection

Correct wound management is essential in remote area first aid.

  • Clean wounds with an antiseptic solution and gently remove as much dirt and debris as possible.
  • Keep the dressings as dry as possible.
  • Change dressings as required. If blood soaks through or they get wet, for example
  • Check circulation on bandaged limbs.
  • Check splint bandages for firmness.

You don’t want to add to your problems through the infection of a superficial wound. Especially if medical help is some time away.

General Considerations

You may have to improvise:

  • Torn-up towels, sheets or shirts can be used for extra dressings.
  • Shoelaces, belts, or rope can be used to attach splints.
  • Tentpoles or bits of wood can be used for splints.
  • Plastic bag, bucket, water bottle for immobilised casualty toilet.

For immobile casualties, going to the toilet is a problem you will face. Use what’s available to collect their bowel movements and urine and ensure handwashing/sanitising protocols are strictly followed.

Moving the casualty will depend on their injuries. You can improvise a stretcher using a couple of coats. Button/zip up the coats and pass the poles for the stretcher through the sleeves and body of each coat.

You will need to decide on any movement of the casualty.  What’s best for them is the priority.

Fluids. Frequent small amounts of water is the best method. If you have some electrolyte powder, or similar, you can add it to the water.

Increase the casualty’s water intake if the casualty has diarrhoea.

Be mindful that if the casualty has serious injuries requiring surgery stop giving them water 4 to 6 hours before their surgery.

And, if you’re thinking that’s enough, wait there’s more!

Don’t forget, that when someone is lying without moving for long periods they can develop pressure sores. Their heels, buttocks, shoulder blades and ears are the areas most affected.

These sores are caused when blood circulation is reduced to the skin in those areas remaining in contact with a hard surface such as the ground.

Use padding or turn the casualty at least every 2 hours to relieve this pressure. Turn more frequently if a sore develops.

Conclusion

There’s a lot in Remote Area First Aid. The preparation before you go (Remote First Aid Part 1). The responsibility as a first aider should anything happen considering the distance/time away from medical help. The extra gear you have to carry (Remote First Aid Part 3).

In Part 3 of our Remote Area First Aid article, I will offer some suggestions for the contents of a first aid kit, and how to stay in contact while you are away.

Well, that’s that. Until next time… Stay safe.

Remote Area First Aid

Remote area first aid part 1
Given Australia's size and emptiness, it’s pretty obvious that remote area first aid would be a good skill to have. Follow this guide and be prepared.

Introduction

Given Australia’s size and emptiness, it’s pretty obvious that remote area first aid would be a good skill to have. If you don’t know how barren Australia is just have a look at Australia on Google Maps. Use the satellite view and a nighttime view as well. There’s a couple here – Night Time Australia.

Australia is empty.

A remote area is generally defined as an area where access to medical assistance is delayed by time and distance, which is most of inland Australia.

However, remote for First Aid purposes could be anything over an hour, or 50 km, from a city or a country town.

If you are in a remote area and have the ability to manage injuries with skill and confidence you may be able to prevent complications. Complications which would hinder a speedy recovery.

Because you can’t call an ambulance and expect one to arrive within a reasonable time, remote area first aid has its own unique set of considerations.

Remote Area First Aid in Australia. A remote area is generally defined as an area where access to medical assistance is delayed by time and distance. Which is most of inland Australia.

Remote area First Aid considerations

  • Distance – The further you are from medical/ambulance assistance generally means it will take longer for that assistance to reach you.
  • Time – As for distance, the further away the more time it will take. However, in some cases, you may only be a couple of miles away from aid BUT it may take days to reach you. Mountainous areas for example.
  • Number of people in the affected party – This will determine what can be done if someone becomes injured. The more people in the group, the more options you may have.  One or two people could stay with the casualty, others could go for help. There may even be enough people to carry the injured person out.
  • Weather Conditions – Storms may prevent aircraft, as well as land transport, from reaching the casualty. High temperatures may inhibit a quick on-foot rescue. Deep snow the same.
  • Fire and Flood – (What? In Australia? – surely not!) There’s no denying that these are fairly commonplace within Australia. These natural disasters will have an impact on medical response time if they are happening in your area.
  • Lack of communication – No mobile network. No road access. Lack of communication will, of course, delay any medical response. Lack of communication may also deprive you of contact with a doctor and the provision of medical advice.
  • Medical supplies – When travelling in remote areas the level of first aid you may be required to perform may be higher than the level of first aid closer to home. This will have an impact on the contents of your first aid kit.
  • The severity of the injury – This will determine your actions and response.

After reading the list above you can see how isolated you might feel if you are out in the great outdoors with a couple of friends and something injurious happens.

Let’s make it worse… You’re by yourself.

Distance & Time: Further means longer help arrival. Number of People: More options with a larger group. Weather Challenges: Storms, heat, snow affect rescue. Fire & Flood Risks: Impact on medical response. Lack of Communication: No network delays help. Medical Supplies: Remote areas demand advanced first aid. Injury Severity: Guides actions and response.

Management Strategies for remote area First Aid

While there are some extra things you need to consider for remote area first aid, it is important to remember that the basic principles of first aid remain the same.

The initial action plan of DRSABCD is just as valid in a remote area as it is in the suburbs. What does make a difference is a sound knowledge of survival techniques and correct preparation before remote area travel is undertaken.

The Basics

  • First and foremost, tell someone where you are going and when you expect to be back. You might even organise before you leave what to do if you do not return at, or close to, the expected time.
  • Avoid travelling alone. The recommended number is 4. That way one can stay with the injured person and two can go for help.
  • Leave a map with your travel details on it and organise a schedule of times when you will contact a nominated person. Keep to the schedule.
  • Remember there are four vital requirements to support life. Water, shelter, warmth, and food. Make sure you set out with an adequate supply of these vital requirements to sustain you should you become stranded. Even if you are planning to go to a remote area for only a short period.
  • Take appropriate communications and location equipment for the area you are going to. Know how to use them. These may include a long-range radio or mobile satellite phone, global positioning system, emergency position indicating radio beacon and maps. Use a torch, whistle or mirror to signal for help.
  • Check weather forecasts before you depart and while you are away. Be ready to change your plans or delay the trip if necessary.
  • Ensure all members of your group are fit for travel. Carry extra prescription medications for the journey.
  • Wear and pack appropriate clothing for the weather conditions and terrain.

So, planning and preparation beforehand is the key. However, even the best preparation and planning cannot prevent an emergency.

Inform someone. Travel in groups. Have a communication plan. Always carry water, shelter, warmth, and food. Bring communication tools (radio, phone, GPS) and signaling devices (torch, whistle, mirror). Check forecasts, be flexible, and adapt plans accordingly. Ensure group fitness and carry extra prescription medications. Dress and pack according to weather
and terrain conditions

Remote Area First Aid emergency

If well planned, your trip should go smoothly and safely, but if you get into difficulty, here are a couple of key things to remember:

  • if your car breaks down or you become lost on the way, never leave your vehicle. You can use it for shade and shelter. Also, it is easier to locate a missing vehicle than a missing person in the vast Australian Outback.
  • if you become lost while hiking, stop, try to relax, and study your maps. See if you can determine where you came from and slowly make your way back. If you can’t find your way back, move to higher ground for a better view.
  • If you become injured, deal with the injury and try to make yourself as comfortable as possible.
  • Ration your food and water supplies.
  • If you hear signs of rescue, signal with three torch flashes and with your whistle.
  • Light a small smoky fire with green leaves during the day and a small bright fire with dry materials at night.
  • Be patient and prepared to wait.
If your car breaks down or you become lost on the way, never leave your vehicle. If you become lost while hiking, stop, try to relax, and study your maps. If you become injured, deal with the injury and try to make yourself as comfortable as possible. Ration your food and water supplies. If you hear signs of rescue, signal with three torch flashes and with your whistle. Light a small smoky fire with green leaves during the day and a small bright fire with dry materials at night. Be patient and be prepared to wait.

Other outback emergency considerations especially if you are in a group.

  • Continue or stop. Somebody will have to decide whether the casualty is able to continue the journey, or it should be abandoned to care for the injured person. Or maybe take them out to medical aid. Whoever makes that decision should consider the welfare of the whole group.
  • Medical assistance. If you are able to call for assistance you will now have to decide whether you go to the assistance or wait for the assistance to come to you. The severity of the injury, time factor – travel out vs travel in. Can the casualty even be moved? Will determine your decision.
  • Time Frame. Because of the distance and extended time frame for assistance, the casualty may become more stressed. The decision maker/first aider will need to remain calm and reassure the casualty. Regularly monitoring the casualty’s condition will help reduce anxiety levels. Make sure they are as comfortable as possible.
  • Observations. Keep notes on the casualty’s condition. Record things like changes in signs and symptoms, vital signs, and first aid provided. Monitor and record fluid intake and output. Be aware that the casualty may go into shock.
  • Shelter and survival.  Try your best to shelter the casualty from the elements. Keep them as comfortable as possible. Keep cool if hot and warm if cold.

Ok. Now all of the above may have felt like death by dot point. But when you stop and think about it, moving around this great empty country of ours does require planning and preparation.

There are about 40 deaths per year in the Australian outback. Most are due to motor vehicle accidents. However, people do perish directly as a result of poor preparation.

Check this out: How a desert claimed two ill-prepared travellers.

Conclusion

If you want to hike around in remote parts of Australia then I suggest you do your research, complete a Provide First Aid in a remote or isolated site course, plan your trip – using the above articles as a guide and try not to travel alone.

I have deliberately not given details of how to deal with First Aid emergencies, contents of first aid kits, communications equipment etc.

I will cover those in Part 2 of Remote Area First Aid.

Well, that’s that. Until next time…Stay safe

Essential First Aid Tips for Managing Diabetes Emergencies.

Image depicts a Person consulting a general practitioner asking about her diabetic analysis. Title of image and blog is "Diabetes: Signs, symptoms, and management" followed by Life Saving First Aid logo

Introduction

In this article we are going to look at Diabetes, what it is, how to recognise the signs and symptoms of Hypoglycaemic and hyperglycaemic conditions, and how to manage them and assist the casualty.

Here’s a few quick facts about diabetes.

According to Diabetes Australia

  • More than 300 Australians develop diabetes every day. That’s one person every five minutes
  • Almost 1.9 million Australians have diabetes. This includes all types of diagnosed diabetes (almost 1.5 million known and registered) as well as silent, undiagnosed type 2 diabetes (up to 500,000 estimated)
  • Almost 120,000 Australians have developed diabetes in the past year
  • For every person diagnosed with diabetes, there is usually a family member or carer who also ‘lives with diabetes’ every day in a support role. This means that an estimated 2.4 million Australians are affected by diabetes every day
  • The total annual cost impact of diabetes in Australia is estimated at $17.6 billion (inflation-adjusted)

In fact, diabetes is the fastest-growing chronic condition in Australia, increasing at a faster rate than other chronic diseases such as heart disease and cancer.

All types of diabetes are increasing in prevalence.

What is Diabetes?

Diabetes is a chronic, lifelong medical condition which occurs when the pancreas fails to produce sufficient insulin, or the body develops a resistance to the action of its own insulin. Untreated, the absolute or relative lack of insulin will lead to a high blood glucose level.

When the body does not produce enough insulin or does not use insulin, glucose stays in your blood and does not reach the cells. This prevents the cells from functioning normally.

There are two main types of diabetes: Type 1 and Type 2.

Type 1 Diabetes

Type 1 diabetes is an auto-immune disease that often develops in childhood and requires lifelong treatment with insulin.

Type 2 Diabetes

Type 2 diabetes is more commonly recognised in adulthood and requires a treatment combination of diet, exercise, oral medication, and sometimes insulin.

A third type of diabetes is Gestational Diabetes

Gestational diabetes is a relatively common condition specific to pregnancy.

Diabetes can also occur because of another disease or as a side effect of medication.

Blood Sugar levels

When blood glucose levels become too high or too low, people with diabetes may become unwell and need first aid or treatment at a medical facility.

The normal range of glucose concentration in the blood of a healthy person ranges from 4.0 – 7.8 mmol/L.

As a result, if someone has abnormal levels of blood sugar, they can either be HYPOglycaemic – LOW blood sugar, or HYPERglycaemic – High blood sugar.

You can use a blood glucose meter to determine a person’s blood glucose level. There are different types of blood glucose meters and for more info click here.

Hypoglycaemia

Hypoglycaemia – Hypo for short, can occur because of:

• Too much insulin or other blood glucose-lowering medication.

• Inadequate or delayed carbohydrate intake after their usual insulin or oral medication dose.

• Exercise without adequate carbohydrate intake.

• Possibly delayed for up to 12 hours or more after exercise.

• In the setting of other illnesses; or excessive alcohol intake.

If the person injects too much insulin, doesn’t eat, or undertakes exercise without replenishing sugar levels they can go into a Hypo.

Signs and Symptoms of Hypoglycaemia

Some or all of the following are signs and symptoms of a Hypo.

• Weakness, shaking

• Sweating

• Faintness, dizziness

• Teariness or crying

• Hunger

• Numbness around the lips and fingers

• Sweating,

• Pallor (pale skin), especially in young children

• A rapid pulse; and a headache.

• Mood or behavioural changes, with confusion, inability to concentrate, and slurred speech.

• Inability to follow instructions.

• Unresponsive; or seizure, can lead to coma and possibly be fatal

Hypo management

The recommended way to manage a person with Hypoglycaemia is:

• Stop any exercise, make them comfortable, reassure them, and follow the person’s diabetes management plan if they have one.

• If the casualty is fully conscious and able to swallow give them some sweets such as jellybeans or a sugary drink. This will raise their glucose level and you should see some positive results within a few minutes.

• Do not give them diet beverages or sugar-free sweets.

• If their condition improves give them a meal or something to eat and monitor their condition.

If the person does not improve with this treatment, is seizing or is unconscious, call for an ambulance. I

If they are unresponsive and not breathing normally, commence resuscitation.

For an unconscious breathing person, place them into the recovery position and ensure the airway is clear.

Monitor their condition until the ambulance arrives.

Hyperglycaemia

Hyperglycaemia, Hyper for short, or high blood sugar level can occur because of

• Inadequate levels of insulin

• Incorrect doses of diabetes oral medications, infections,

• Excess carbohydrate intake,

• Stressful situations.

Hyperglycaemia can develop over hours or days, and many people do not experience symptoms from hyperglycaemia until their blood glucose levels are extremely high.

Hyperglycaemia can also occur at the time of initial diagnosis of diabetes and may go unrecognised until the person is clearly unwell.

If untreated, the person gradually deteriorates and can go into a coma.

Signs and symptoms of Hyperglycaemia

These may include:

• Excessive thirst with frequent urination/

• Dry skin and mouth, with sunken eyes (signs of dehydration)

• Recent weight loss

• Rapid pulse

• Nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain

• Rapid breathing

• Fruity sweet smell of acetone on the breath (like paint thinner or nail polish remover)

• Confusion and a deteriorating level of consciousness

• or unresponsiveness

Hyper management

The recommended way to manage a person with Hyperglycaemia is:

Follow the person’s diabetes management plan. If the person does not have a management plan, call 000 as they should be assessed by a health care professional.

• For unresponsive casualties with abnormal breathing, proceed with resuscitation.

• For unconscious casualties who are breathing normally, lay them down on their side in the recovery position and check to see that the airway is clear of any obstruction.

• Call 000

Conclusion

If you are unsure if the person has a high or low blood glucose level, the safest option is to treat hypoglycaemia (low blood glucose level).

Giving the casualty sweets may lead to a marked improvement if their blood glucose level is low. Indicating low blood sugar.

No improvement after giving sweets would indicate high blood sugar levels, and, if that’s the case, the small amount of sugar given would have little effect on blood sugar levels.

Let’s recap the main points:

• Hypoglycaemia is LOW blood sugar caused by too much insulin

• Hyperglycaemia is HIGH blood sugar. Not enough insulin.

• For a Hypo if conscious and able to swallow give the casualty sweets or a sweet drink

• If this does not improve their condition or they go unconscious call 000 Place in recovery  position or CPR as required

Remember, If in doubt about their condition, Hypo or Hyper, treat as Hypo

If you liked this article click here for more First Aid-related info

Well, that’s that. Until next time… Stay safe.

Needle stick injury

Image of someone who got their feet poked with a syringe in a park. The title of the blog is :Needlestick Injurt First Aid" followed by Life Saving First Aid logo

Introduction

What is a needle stick injury?

If the skin is punctured by a sharp medical tool like a scalpel or needle on a syringe, it is called a ‘needlestick injury’.

Exposure to hypodermic syringes is a risk faced by First Aiders so an understanding of the procedures to deal with a needle stick injury is important.

How does needle stick injury happen?

Needlesticks don’t just happen in hospitals – stepping on a needle in park or on the beach is the same thing. Fortunately, infection by HIV, hepatitis B or hepatitis C in these situations is  rare.

According to the National Centre For Farmer Health, even farmers and agricultural workers experience preventable needlestick injuries. Every year, across Australia, 80% of livestock farmers reporting a needlestick injury at some time. This means the farmer may be injected with harmful chemicals.

Signs and Symptoms of needle stick injury

Victims of a needle stick injury usually feel a small, sharp pain at the needle stick point. The needle may stay in the finger, foot or wherever the injury occurred. A small drop of blood may appear.

Management

The recommended action to take is:

  1. Wash the area gently with soap and running tap water as soon as possible. – If not, available you can use hand sanitiser

2. Apply an antiseptic and a clean dressing to the injury area

4. Seek prompt medical advice from your local doctor or hospital emergency department, preferably within 24 hours.

5. Dispose of the needle safely.- In an identified sharps container, or you could put the needle in an empty plastic water bottle for later disposal in a sharp’s container.

Conclusion

While it is unlikely that you will encounter a needle stick injury, it is possible.

If you do, remember:

•            Wash, clean and cover the injury

•            Seek medical aid within 24hrs

•            Dispose of the needle safely and correctly.

This was a very short Article Post. If you found this one interesting, you can check out more here –https://lifesavingfirstaid.com.au/blog/

Well, that’s that. Until next time… Stay safe.

Guide to First Aid for Bites and Stings.

Image of a person watering their flowers in the garden while bees, wasps and ants roam around the garden The title next to it says "Bee’s, Wasps, & Ant bites and stings" followed by Life Saving First Aid logo

Introduction

Australia is crawling with insects of one kind or another. In this article, we will look at first aid for bites and stings from various insects and spiders.

Recognising the Signs, Symptoms and knowing first aid management of insect bites and stings is important.

According to the Australian Institute of Health and Welfare, over 3,500 Australians were hospitalised due to contact with a venomous animal or plants in 2017–18. More than a 26% of these hospitalisations were caused by bee stings, almost 19% were caused by spider bites with redbacks the most common spider involved.

In Australia deaths from venomous plants, animals or insects is rare. The National Coronial Information System records 19 deaths in 2017–18 due to contact with venomous animals – 7 with venomous snakes, 12 with bees and wasps.

Bees, Wasp and Ant bites and stings

Lets’ have a look at bee, wasp and ant stings. Single stings from a bee, wasp or ant, can be painful but rarely cause serious problems except for persons who have a severe allergy to the venom.

However, multiple insect stings can cause severe pain and widespread skin reaction. Multiple stings around the face can cause severe local swelling and difficulty breathing even if the person is not allergic to that insect.

Bees

Here in Australia, there are over 1,500 native bee species in a range of shapes and sizes. Bees are critical to the sustainability of our food supply. An astonishing one-third of Australian food is dependent on honey bee pollination.

Australian native bees can be either solitary or social bees. On the other hand, honey bees will live together in a nest or hive. Honey bees are generally stronger pollinators, but the smaller native bees can access smaller flowers and also play an important role in pollination. 

It is important to remember that bee stings leave behind the venom sac and sting which continues to inject venom into the skin, whilst a wasp or ant may sting multiple times without leaving a venom sac attached.

To remove the bee sting scrape sting out of the skin. Do no try to pull it out as you may squeeze more venom into the casualty.

Wasps

Wasps in Australia include European Wasps, English wasps and paper wasps all of which can sting and inject venom. Unlike a bee, the wasp does not lose its sting and therefore can sting you many times.

Stings from wasps can be immediately extremely painful with some redness around the bite area.

There can also be airway obstruction from swelling of the face and tongue due to anaphylaxis, or from many stings in or around the mouth.

Bull Ants

Bull ants are large, alert ants that can grow up to 40 mm They have characteristic large eyes and long, slender mandibles and a potent venom-loaded sting.

There are about 90 species of bull ants in Australia. Jumper ants are some of the smaller species. They have a habit of aggressively jumping toward intruders.

Ants deliver painful stings by gripping the intruder with their mandibles (jaws), curling their abdomen to reveal the sting, and injecting the victim with venom. Often the ant can deliver multiple stings. 

Signs and Symptoms

Stings from bees, wasps and ants all show similar signs and symptoms

Minor reactions are usually immediate and intense local pain with some local redness and swelling.

On the other hand, more severe reactions can be airway obstruction from swelling of the face and tongue due to anaphylaxis, or from bee stings in or around the mouth. This may occur immediately or over several hours.

Management:

THE major immediate risk to the health of persons bitten or stung by insects is severe allergic reaction, Anaphylaxis.

Prevention, recognition and treatment of anaphylaxis should be the focus of First aid for bites and stings.

For all bites and stings, except in the case of tick bites, apply a cold compress to the sting area. You may be use an icepack to relieve the pain of the sting and help reduce swelling

CALL 000 if multiple stings to the face or tongue have occurred or there is evidence of a severe allergic reaction anaphylaxis.

For anaphylaxis use an Epipen or other adrenaline injector to administer adrenaline (epinephrine) via intramuscular injection preferably into lateral thigh which is the outside part of the upper leg.

Monitor the casualty for any signs of allergic or other reaction

Ticks

Most tick bites cause few or no symptoms. Sometimes ticks may cause local skin irritation or a mild allergic reaction by injecting a toxin.

In susceptible people, a tick bite may cause a severe allergic reaction or anaphylaxis, which can be life threatening.

It may also occur in people with no previous exposure or known susceptibility.

To prevent it from injecting more allergen-containing saliva, do not forcibly remove or touch the tick

This will prevent allergic reactions due to allergen-containing saliva injected by the tick.

The safest way to remove a tick is to Freeze the tick, using a product that rapidly freezes and kills the tick, and allows it to drop off.

Alternatively, leave it in place and seek medical assistance to remove the tick as soon as possible.

If you must remove the tick, use fine tweezers, and grasp the head of the tick as close to the persons skin as possible and lever the tick out by the head. Do not squeeze the tick.

Monitor the casualty for any signs of allergic or other reaction.

Conclusion

The main points for first aid for bites and stings are:

•            There are many insects in Australia that can bite and sting but generally they cause only minor problems

•            Be aware of possible severe allergic reactions and manage accordingly

•            Remove bee stings by scraping them out as soon as possible

•            Apply cold pack to insect bite site for pain management – except for ticks

•            Remove ticks, if possible, by freezing or tweezers applied to the tick’s head. Seek medical attention if you cannot remove the tick.

Well, that’s that. Until next time… Stay safe.